Every battery type has a nominal (or average) voltage, but its actual voltage fluctuates depending on its state of charge, the load it’s supplying, and even temperature. The voltage range refers to the minimum and maximum voltage levels at which a battery is designed to safely and effectively operate.
- Maximum Voltage (Full Charge): This is the highest voltage the battery reaches when fully charged.
- Minimum Voltage (Discharge Cut-off): This is the lowest voltage the battery can be discharged to before performance degradation or irreversible damage occurs.
- Operating Voltage: This is the typical voltage the battery maintains during most of its discharge cycle under normal load conditions. For example, a nominal 12V lead-acid battery might operate between approximately 12.8V (full) and 10.5V (empty) under load.
